Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Systems
The Global Positioning Satellite system is the most important locating technology to be introduced to fishing since the introduction of the depthfinder. GPS was developed for the U.S. Department of Defense, and its first widespread use was during the Gulf War. Drawing on a network of satellites orbiting some 11,000 miles above the earth, a GPS unit can triangulate locations for latitude and longitude to within 20 to 70 feet.
Not surprisingly, the number of anglers who own GPS units has skyrocketed. Prices have fallen and new technologies have appeared for both boat-mounted and handheld units.

Anglers use GPS for better positioning accuracy, marking spots, mapping, and charting routes within water bodies. GPS mapping systems offer electronic displays of lakes, rivers, and their shorelines. Back in the mid-90s when GPS units first appeared on the sporting goods scene, maps were cartridge-based and quite basic. They displayed freeway systems, state roads, large and midsized lakes, rivers, and medium to large towns. Background maps typically covered the entire U.S. as well as parts of Canada and Mexico. Greater topographic detail became available when manufacturers introduced cartridges that enhanced designated areas on background maps. These provided additional useful navigational information— buoy markers, reefs, channels, and water depths. Extent and detail of coverage varies and certain computer applications are required, so check features before you buy electronic maps.

Cartridge mapping systems are available in chart-by-chart or seamless options. The chart-by-chart method is a digital version of the paper maps you’ve worked with for years, and it carries with it the same problem—differences of scale when you move from one map to another. The seamless method scrolls across a map with a uniform scale. The quality of mapping details is a function of two factors, the electronic file in the map cartridge and the acuity of your display monitor. In the case of a typical LCD screen, the total pixel count and the screen’s ability to react to light are the factors determining detail. Coarse screens may not adequately display all of the information available on a cartridge, particularly small details.

Keep in mind that zooming down to a small scale may not increase detail. It may mean instead that what you saw at 2 miles is only bigger at 0.2 mile, not more detailed. Different levels of detail should appear at different zoom or scale levels. For example, contour lines, small reefs, and islands that may not appear on a 20-mile scale should become visible on a 3-mile scale. Check to make sure that the mapping system you buy offers that capability.

The appearance of CD-ROMs in the GPS lineup means that instead of buying a handful of cartridges to cover all the areas you travel for outdoor activities, you can now cover the entire country in great detail with one or two CDs. When you load a mapping CD—such as Lowrance’s MapCreate or Garmin’s Road and Recreation and MetroGuide U.S.—the program appears on the monitor. Select or outline the area you want transferred to your GPS unit. The transfer is done through a data cable that attaches to the computer’s data port. Mapping programs allow you to create or customize your own maps, so you can choose the details you want displayed—small streams, rural roads, restaurants, street names, navigational aids, state parks, and so on.

Once you’ve selected a map area for downloading, the information is transferred into a “flash memory” (typically, 2 to 8 MB of memory on a blank cartridge or MMC card that fits in your GPS unit). Depending on the level of detail you’ve chosen, a single file can include a state the size of Georgia.

GPS Applications
Marking waypoints is another strength of GPS systems. You can mark important points like home port, boat ramps, rocks, and reefs on your GPS maps so that you can avoid hazards or accurately return to fishing spots again, even in bad weather or at night. Thanks to contour maps offered by such companies as Lakemaster, C-Map, Fishing Hot Spots, Lowrance, and Navionics in cartridge, CD, and website formats, you can add waypoints to existing contour maps. When you’re working on your computer with mapping systems, such as those produced by Fishing Hot Spots and Waypoint Technologies, you can move your mouse to locations and set them as waypoints. The system numbers your waypoints and you can name them for better identification. Marking underwater points, inside turns, and sunken islands is simple. This information can then be downloaded to your GPS unit.

Most GPS units let you place markers or icons on the screen to mark fish or interesting structure for future reference. Most anglers don’t bother to punch in names for locations of caught fish, as they expect them to change. You can enter them on your computer later or log them into a notebook in case of GPS unit failure. GPS also is a safety feature, provided your batteries don’t go dead. Even on familiar waters, anglers can become disoriented in fog, heavy rain, or other severe weather. Waypoints, icons, or saved trails can lead you to your destination. GPS has turned many shoreline casters into open-water anglers, thanks to the technology’s ability to get them back home over featureless, expansive waters.